PSY 111: Research Methods in Psychology
Learn survey methods, research ethics, and the process of setting up a study. Develop the skills you need to conduct successful research in educational psychology and advance your career.
Learn survey methods, research ethics, and the process of setting up a study. Develop the skills you need to conduct successful research in educational psychology and advance your career.
Ch 1.1 What is Research? - Definition, Purpose & Typical Researchers
What is Research?
Components of Research
What is Psychological Research?
Research Meaning
Purpose of Research
Types of Research Methods
Examples of Research
Lesson Summary
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 1.1
Introduction
High Quality in Research
Bringing the Aspects Together
Lesson Summary
Quiz 1.2
Introduction
Nonscientific and Scientific Research
Lesson Summary
Additional Activities
Quiz 1.3
Introduction
The Scientific Method and Psychology
Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Why The Scientific Method Is Important For Psychology
Lesson Summary
Quiz 1.4
Introduction
Scientific Models
Psychological Models
Bad Decision Making Using Models
Good Decision Making Using Models
Lesson Summary
Quiz 1.5
Introduction
Psychological Tools
Observation
Measurements
Experimentation
Lesson Summary
Quiz 1.6
Introduction
What is Non-Experimental Research?
Types of Non-Experimental Research
Non-Experimental Research Examples
Experimental vs. Non-Experimental Research
Pros and Cons of Non-Experimental Research
Pros and Cons of Experimental Research
Lesson Summary
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 1.7
Introduction
What Is Mixed Methods Research?
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed Methods Research
Mixed Methods Research Design
Mixed Methods Research Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 1.8
Introduction
Basic Research Definition
Basic Research Examples
Applied Research Definition
Applied Research Examples
Basic vs. Applied Research
When to Use Basic and Applied Research
Lesson Summary
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 1.9
Introduction
Purpose of Research
Research types
Explanatory vs Exploratory Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 1.10
Ch 2.1 Conducting Research on People: General Guidelines
Psychological Research Participants
Origins of Guidelines
Rights of Participants
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.1
Introduction
Informed Consent in Research
Components of Informed Consent
Why is Informed Consent Important in Research?
Obtaining Informed Consent
Accessible Language
Accuracy
Special Considerations
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 2.2
Introduction
Risk Means Possible
Physical Harm
Psychological Harm
Legal Harm
Other Harm
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.3
Introduction
Right to Protection
Privacy
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.4
Introduction
Informed Consent Defined
Children
Pregnant Women
Adults with Impairments
Inmates
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.5
Introduction
Deception in Research
Debriefing
Example
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.6
Introduction
Fraud and Plagiarism
The Reasoning
Concerns
Good Research
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.7
Introduction
Ethics and Laws
Laws
Legal But Unethical
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.8
Introduction
What is an IRB?
Purpose of an IRB
Process of an IRB
Importance of an IRB
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 2.9
Introduction
Protection by Law
Mandated Reporting
Oversight
Laws
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.10
Introduction
Background on the Ground
Animal Research Guidelines
Animal Considerations
Lesson Summary
Quiz 2.11
Ch 3.1 Selecting a Problem to Research
Research Problems
Finding Problems
Selecting
Lesson Summary
Quiz 3.1
Introduction
What Is Research Design?
Purpose of Research Design and Methods
How to Plan Research Design Methods
Procedures
Participants in Research Design
Essential Factors of Research Design
Types of Research Design Methods
Examples of Research Design and Methods
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.2
Introduction
What Is a Research Question?
The Importance of a Research Question
Purpose of Good Research Questions
Too Broad or Too Narrow
Examples of Research Questions
Writing Good Research Questions
Interesting Topics for Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.3
Introduction
Research Question vs. Hypothesis
The Scientific Method: What Comes After the Hypothesis?
How to Form a Hypothesis
The Importance of Formulating a Testable Hypothesis
What Does a Hypothesis Look Like?
Hypothesis Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.4
Introduction
Understanding Science
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Lesson Summary
Quiz 3.5
Introduction
Variables in Research
Dependent Variables in Research
Independent Variables in Research
Comparing Dependent and Independent Variables
Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables in Research Studies
Other Types of Variables in Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.6
Introduction
What is a Literature Review?
What is the Purpose of a Literature Review?
Literature Review Format
How to Write Literature Review Outline?
Literature Review Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.7
Introduction
Sources of Research
Primary Research
Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary Research
Secondary Research
Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Research
Differences Between Primary Research and Secondary Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.8
Introduction
Population in Research
What is a Sample?
Types of Sample
Differences Between Population and Sample
Lesson Summary
Additional Activities
Quiz 3.9
Introduction
What is Data Collection?
Data Collection Tools
What are Different Methods for Collecting Data?
Observational Studies
Examples of Data Collection Strategies
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 3.10
Introduction
Research and APA
Sections
Lesson Summary
Quiz 3.11
Introduction
Completing Your Research
Reasons for Publication
Final vs. Published
Lesson Summary
Quiz 3.12
Ch 4.1 Using Experiments to Collect Social Research Data
Experiment Definition
Experiment Basics
Lesson Summary
Quiz 4.1
Introduction
Social Research
Surveys
Questionnaires
Interviews
Lesson Summary
Quiz 4.2
Introduction
What is Content Analysis?
Definition of Content Analysis
Uses of Content Analysis in Research
Content Analysis Examples
How to do Content Analysis
Collecting Content
Social Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 4.3
Introduction
Existing Statistics
Prior Research
Program Evaluation
Caution
Lesson Summary
Quiz 4.4
Introduction
Research Design
Field Research
Observational Research
Lesson Summary
Quiz 4.5
Introduction
What is Archival Research?
Types of Archival Data
Archival Research Examples
Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 4.6
Ch 5.1 Descriptive Research Design: Definition, Examples & Types
Descriptive Research Definition
Characteristics of Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research Examples
What is Descriptive Research Design Used For?
Methods of Descriptive Methods
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 5.1
Introduction
What is Survey Research?
Types of Survey Research
Techniques of Survey Research
Benefits of Survey Research
Survey Method in Psychology
Lesson Summary
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 5.2
Introduction
Collecting Info
Dichotomous
Multiple Choice
Rank Order Scaling
Semantic Differential Scale
Stapel Scale
Constant Sum
Open Ended
Lesson Summary
Quiz 5.3
Introduction
Definitions in Correlational Research
Lesson Summary
Quiz 5.4
Introduction
Scatterplots and Correlation Coefficients: Definitions
Coefficients and Plots
Lesson Summary
Quiz 5.5
Introduction
Correlation
Computation
Lesson Summary
Quiz 5.6
Introduction
Correlation Coefficient: Meaning and Definition
Correlation Coefficients Explained
How to Interpret Correlation Coefficients
How is a Correlation Coefficient Used in Real-Life?
Correlation Coefficient Interpretation
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 5.7
Introduction
Correlation
Causation
Directionality
Third Variable
Lesson Summary
Quiz 5.8
Ch 6.1 An Overview of Qualitative Research
What is a Qualitative Study?
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Study Definition
Examples of Qualitative Approaches
Advantages of Qualitative Research
Limitations of Qualitative Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.1
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Approaches
Types of Qualitative Research
Analysis of Qualitative Data
Qualitative Research Examples
Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.2
Introduction
Case Study Defined
Characteristics of Case Study
Advantages of Case Study
Disadvantages of Case Study
Case Study Design
Case Study Design Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.3
Introduction
What is Ethnography?
Why is Ethnography Useful?
Features of Ethnographic Research
Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Research
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.4
Introduction
What is Qualitative Research?
Types of Qualitative Research
What is Historical Design in Research?
Purpose of Historical Design
Historical Research Method
Historical Research Design Pros
Historical Research Design Cons
Historical Research Design Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.5
Introduction
What is Grounded Theory?
Features of Grounded Theory
Advantages and Disadvantages of Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.6
Introduction
Phenomenological Study
What Does Phenomentological Mean?
History of Phenomenology
Phenomenological Approach: Qualitative Research
Phenomenological Model: Transcendental Vs. Hermeneutic Approach
Research Design Methods
Data Analysis: Interpreting Results
Documenting Research
Strengths and Limitations
Phenomenological Research: Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 6.7
Ch 7.1 What is Developmental Research? - Definition, Purpose & Methods
What is Developmental Research?
Development Research Design Methodology
Types of Development Research Designs in Psychology
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 7.1
Introduction
What is a Quasi-Experiment?
True vs. Quasi-Experimental Design
Types of Quasi-Experimental Design
Design of Nonequivalent Groups
Pre-test and Post-test Design
Natural Experiments
Time-Series Design
Ex Post Facto
Use of Quasi-Experimental Design
Pros and Cons of Quasi-Experimental Design
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 7.2
Introduction
Ex Post Facto Designs
Ex Post Facto Meaning
True Experiments vs Ex Post Facto Studies
Pros and Cons of Ex Post Facto Designs
Ex Post Facto Research Example
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 7.3
Introduction
What is a Longitudinal Design?
Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Study Design
Types of Longitudinal Design
How to Conduct a Longitudinal Design Study
Advantages and Disadvantages of Longitudinal Design
Longitudinal Study Example
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 7.4
Introduction
Cross-Sectional Designs: Definition and Advantage
Example 1
Example 2
Lesson Summary
Quiz 7.5
Introduction
What Is Pretest-Posttest?
Types of Pretest-Posttest Design
Lesson Summary
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 7.6
Introduction
Time
Cross-Sectional Design
Longitudinal Studies
Case Study
Lesson Summary
Quiz 7.7
Ch 8.1 What is Sampling in Research? - Definition, Methods & Importance
What are Population and Sample in Research?
What is Sampling?
Types of Sampling Methods
How Sampling is Done?
Why is Sampling in Research Used?
Activities
FAQs
Quiz 8.1
Introduction
Population and Sample
Generalizability in Research
Achieving Generalizability
Importance of Generalizability
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 8.2
Introduction
Probability Sampling Methods
Types of Probability Sampling
Comparing the Four Probability Sampling Methods
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 8.3
Introduction
What is Probability Sampling?
What is Multistage Sampling?
Multistage Random Sampling
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Multistage Sampling Example
Lesson Summary
Quiz 8.4
Introduction
What is Non-Probability Sampling?
Probability vs Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Methods
Examples of Non-Probability Samples
Pros and Cons of Non-Probability Sampling
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 8.5
Introduction
Sampling
Random Error
Systematic Error
Nonresponse Error
Lesson Summary
Quiz 8.6
Introduction
What is Sample Size?
Factors of Sample Size Calculation
How to Find Sample Size
Formulae for Sample Size
Example of Sample Size in Experiments
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 8.7
Ch 9.1 The Importance of Measurement in the Research Process
Measurement
Importance
Common Measures
Lesson Summary
Quiz 9.1
Introduction
Qualitative Measurement
Qualitative Measurement Examples
Quantitative Measurement
Quantitative Measurement Examples
Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.2
Introduction
Measurement in Research
What is Conceptualization?
Conceptualization Examples
What is Operationalization?
Operationalization Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.3
Introduction
What Are Discrete Variables?
Examples of Discrete Variables
What are Categorical Variables?
What are Continuous Variables?
Differences
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.4
Introduction
Level of Measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Importance of Level of Measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Comparison Table
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.5
Introduction
Norm-Referenced vs. Criterion-Referenced
Norm-Referenced Test: Definition
Examples of Norm-Referenced Assessments
Criterion-Referenced Test: Definition
Examples of Criterion-Referenced Assessments
When to Use Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Tests
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.6
Introduction
Measurement
Direct Observation
Indirect Observation
Constructs
Lesson Summary
Quiz 9.7
Introduction
Measurement
Thurstone Scale
Other Common Scales
Lesson Summary
Quiz 9.8
Introduction
Measurement
Reliability
Types
Lesson Summary
Quiz 9.9
Introduction
Reliability
Inconsistency
Improving Reliability
Lesson Summary
Quiz 9.10
Introduction
Reliability and Validity of Measurement
Measurement Validity
Types of Measurement Validity
Measurement Validity in Experimental Design
In Terms of Test Procedures
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.11
Introduction
Validity and Reliability in Research Methodology
Types of Reliability
Types of Validity
Relationship Between Reliability and Validity
Differences Between Reliability and Validity
Reliability and Validity Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 9.12
Ch 10.1 What is Internal Validity in Research? - Definition & Examples
What is Internal Validity?
Why is Internal Validity important?
Internal Validity vs External Validity
Factors That Improve Internal Validity
Threats To Internal Validity
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 10.1
Introduction
What is an Extraneous Variable?
Extraneous Variable Example
What's a Confounding Variable?
Confounding Variable Example
Extraneous Variable vs Confounding Variable
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 10.2
Introduction
Internal Validity
Extraneous Variables
Physical Variables
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.3
Introduction
Internal Validity
Researcher Bias
Subject Selection
Researcher Personality
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.4
Introduction
Internal Validity
Self-Selection Bias
Demand Characteristics
Good-Subject Bias
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.5
Introduction
Internal Validity
History
Mortality
Instrumentation
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.6
Introduction
Internal Validity
Testing
Regression
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.7
Introduction
Internal Validity
Maturation
Selection
Selection Interaction
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.8
Introduction
Extraneous Variables
Single-Blind Study
Double-Blind Study
Lesson Summary
Quiz 10.9
Ch 11.1 What is External Validity in Research? - Definition & Examples
What is External Validity?
Types of External Validity
Importance of External Validity
Factors That Threaten External Validity
External Validity vs. Internal Validity
External Validity Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 11.1
Introduction
Definition of Internal vs. External Validity
Characteristics of Internal Validity
Issues with Internal Validity
Characteristics of External Validity
Issues with External Validity
Tradeoffs Between Internal vs. External Validity
How to Make a Study More Internally and Externally Valid
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 11.2
Introduction
External Validity
Across Subjects
Procedures & Concepts
Beyond the Lab
Lesson Summary
Quiz 11.3
Introduction
External Validity
Sample Characteristics
Stimulus Characteristics
Multiple-Treatment Interference
Lesson Summary
Quiz 11.4
Introduction
External Validity
Novelty Effects
Test Sensitization
Measurement Timing
Lesson Summary
Quiz 11.5
Introduction
External Validity
Reactive Arrangements
Reactivity of Testing
Lesson Summary
Quiz 11.6
Introduction
External Validity
Aggregation
Nonreactive Measures
Field Research
Lesson Summary
Quiz 11.7
Ch 12.1 Between-Subjects Designs: Definition & Examples
What is a Between-Subjects Design?
Between-Subjects Design Example
Advantages of Between-Subjects Design
Disadvantages of Between Subjects Design
Between-Subjects Design vs. Within-Subjects Design
Between- and Within-Subjects Design Example
Randomization in Between-Subjects Design
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.1
Introduction
Randomization
Random Selection
Random Assignment
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.2
Introduction
Experimental Design
Control Group
Importance
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.3
Introduction
Two-Group Experimental Design
What is a Treatment Group?
Examples of Experimental Designs
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.4
Introduction
What is Matched-Group Design?
Why Matched-Group Design is Useful
Limitations of Matched-Subject Design
Examples of Matched-Group Design
Experimental Design
Examples of Experimental Design
Commonality Between Random Assignment and Matching
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.5
Introduction
Experimental Design
Levels of Variable
Multiple vs. Two-Group Designs
Assigning Subjects
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.6
Introduction
What is a Factorial Design?
Factorial Research Design: Main Effect
Factorial Research Design: Interaction Effect
Factorial Design Example: 2x2 Factorial Design
Advantages of Factorial Study
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.7
Introduction
Factorial Design
Factors
Groups
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.8
Introduction
Factorial Design
Interactions
Crossover Interactions
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.9
Introduction
What is Factorial Design?
Main Effects in Factorial Design
How to Interpret Main Effect
Main Effect vs. Interaction
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.10
Introduction
Experimental Design
Variables
Multivariate Design
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.11
Introduction
What is a Within-Subjects Design?
Within-Subjects Design Example
Between-Subjects vs. Within-Subjects Study Design
Within-Subjects Design Pros and Cons
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.12
Introduction
Within-Subjects Design
Carryover Effect
What Is Counterbalancing?
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.13
Introduction
Small n Design & Sample Size
What is ABA Design?
Example of External Validity in ABA Design
Advantages and Disadvantages of ABA Design
Multiple Baseline Design
Example of Multiple Baseline Design
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 12.14
Introduction
Experimental Design
Between vs. Within
Single vs. Multiple Factors
Lesson Summary
Quiz 12.15
Ch 13.1 What Are Descriptive Statistics? - Definition and Uses
Descriptive Statistics: Definition and List
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Standard Deviation and Variance
Lesson Summary
Quiz 13.1
Introduction
What is a Frequency Distribution?
What is a Frequency Table?
Graphing Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution Example
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 13.2
Introduction
What is Central Tendency in Psychology?
Measures of Central Tendency in Psychology
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 13.3
Introduction
What Are Measures of Variability?
Variance and Standard Deviation
Range
Interquartile Range
Measures of Variability Examples
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 13.4
Ch 14.1 Inferential Statistics for Psychology Studies
Definition of Inferential Statistics in Psychology
Need for Inferential Statistics
Inferential Tests
Test Procedure
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 14.1
Introduction
Null vs Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Statistical Significance
Phrasing a Hypothesis
Lesson Summary
Quiz 14.2
Introduction
What are Levels of Significance?
How to Find Levels of Significance
Statistical Errors
Levels of Significance Example
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 14.3
Introduction
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypothesis
One-Tailed Hypothesis Example
Two-Tailed or Non-Directional Hypothesis
Two-Tailed Hypothesis Example
One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 14.4
Introduction
Chi-Square Test Definition
Chi-Square Explained
Purpose of Chi-Square Test
Lesson Summary
Frequently Asked Questions
Quiz 14.5
Introduction
Definitions
Null & Alt
t-Test Stats
Lesson Summary
Quiz 14.6
Introduction
Definitions
One-Way Between Subjects
One-Way Repeated Measure
Two-Way
Lesson Summary
Quiz 14.7
Ch 15.1 Drawing Conclusions Based on Internal Validity
Internal Validity
Extraneous Variables
External Validity
Lesson Summary
Quiz 15.1
Introduction
Purpose of Research
Representativeness
Replicability
Lesson Summary
Quiz 15.2
Introduction
Statistical Analysis
Non-Significance
Interpretation
Lesson Summary
Quiz 15.3
Assignment
Final Exam
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